REAKTUALISASI PESAN AYAT MAKKIYAH DAN MADANIYAH TENTANG KEADILAN DISTRIBUTIF DALAM MENJAWAB KETIMPANGAN EKONOMI KONTEMPORER: PENDEKATAN DOUBLE MOVEMENT FAZLUR RAHMAN

Abstract

Makkiyah and Madaniyah verses are usually classified by chronology, while their potential as an analytical device for drawing Qur’anic ethical messages for the present remains underexplored. This article examines how the Makkiyah–Madaniyah distinction can be used within Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement to reactualize Qur’anic messages, taking the distribution of wealth and the protection of vulnerable groups as a case in response to contemporary economic inequality in Indonesia. Using library research with a hermeneutical-interpretive approach, the study analyzes a purposive sample of Makkiyah verses (Q.S. 51:19; 70:24–25; 89:17–20; 30:39) and Madaniyah verses (Q.S. 59:7; 9:34–35; 9:60; 2:267–279), read together with classical exegesis and works on ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān. The analysis finds that Makkiyah verses frame the moral claim of the poor on wealth and criticize hoarding and exploitation, whereas Madaniyah verses give that claim institutional form through named beneficiaries, distributive instruments, and legal prohibitions. Three principles converge across both phases: the social function of wealth, the circulation of wealth beyond the rich, and the prohibition of exploitation. These principles are tested for structural-moral equivalence with present-day inequality and reformulated as contextual responses that leave explicit rulings, such as the categories of zakat recipients, intact. The article also discusses the limits of the classification, the criteria used to determine moral principles, and the single-case scope of its findings.